What are commonly-used techniques to indicate elevation on a 2D map?

Contour lines and hillshading are effective techniques for representing elevation on a 2D map. Contour lines are curves that connect points of equal elevation; they allow map users to visualize the shape of the terrain, indicating slopes and landforms such as hills and valleys. The spacing of these lines provides information about the steepness of the terrain—closely spaced lines indicate steep areas, while widely spaced lines suggest gentle slopes.

Hillshading, on the other hand, involves applying shading techniques to simulate the effect of sunlight on the terrain, enhancing the visual perception of depth and elevation. This adds a three-dimensional appearance to the topography, making it easier for map readers to interpret the landscape. When used together, contour lines and hillshading provide a comprehensive view of elevation, helping users better understand the physical geography of the area.

Understanding these techniques is fundamental in GIS and cartography, as they greatly assist in representation and interpretation of topographical information, which is crucial for various applications such as land use planning, environmental studies, and navigation.